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| [[Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)/Joan of Arc Timeline|</sub>]][[Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)/Joan of Arc bibliography|</sub>]]
| | Saint Joan of Arc |
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| | | For a full treatment of Saint Joan of Arc, go to [https://saintjoandarc.org/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_Arc_(Jeanne_la_Pucelle) Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)] |
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| <<to move
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| Translation: she's a witch!
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| ----
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| == Christology of Saint Joan ==
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| * born in poverty, among shepherds
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| * distrust of the leaders
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| * triumphant entry to Orleans
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| * betrayal
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| * Charles VII washing his hands of her
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| * championed by her mother
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| == The prophecies of Joan of Arc ==
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| Jean Dunois testified that not all of Joan's prophesies were fulfilled<ref>Murray, p. 241</ref>,
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| <blockquote>Although Jeanne sometimes spoke in jest of the affairs of war, and although, ''to encourage the soldiers'', she may have foretold events which were not realized, nevertheless, when she spoke seriously of the war, and of her deeds and her mission, she only affirmed earnestly that she was sent to raise the siege of Orleans, and to succour the oppressed people of that town and the neighbouring places, and to conduct the King to Rheims that he might be consecrated (emphasis added)</blockquote>
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| === Prophecies of the coming of Saint Joan ===
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| * Merlin
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| * St. Bede
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| * Marie d'Avignon
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| ==== Joan's own testimony on those prophesies ====
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| Joan told her Uncle , Durand Laxart, and a woman with whom she stayed on her second visit with him to Vaucouleurs,<blockquote>“Was it not said that France would be ruined through a woman and afterwards restored by a virgin?”.</blockquote>>> see [https://www.jeanne-darc.info/biography/prophecies/ Prophecies | Joan of Arc | Jeanne-darc.info]
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| ==Testimony of Jean Dunois ==
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| Jeanne had expressly predicted that, before long, the weather and the wind would change; and it happened as she had foretold. She had, in like manner, stated that the convoy would enter freely into the town.<ref>notation from testimony of Sieur de Gaucourt (Murray, p. 242_</ref>
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| === Testimony of Brother Séguin de Séguin of four of Joan's prophesies ===
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| The Dominican friar participated in the inquiry into Joan ordered by the Dauphin after she presented herself to the Court at Chinon. The priest was a Professor of Theology and well-respected. He later testified that she made four prophesies
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| # Orléans would be liberated from the English
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| # the King would be crowned at Rheims (which
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| # Paris would liberated from the English
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| # the Duc d'Orléans (Duke of Orleans) would be freed from imprisonment in England
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| That last prophesy was significant because, while no more improbable than the others, it occurred ten years after her death and had the Duke<ref>The title Duke of Orleans was like that of Prince of Wales, indicating the heir to the throne. Louis, Duc d'Orléans was the brother of King Charles VI, father of Charles VII, the Dauphin in the story of Saint Joan. It's a bit complicated, but rule of France was broken up by faction and the insanity of its King who disinherited his son the Dauphin and gave France to the English King Henry V. Though crowned at Paris by Charles VI as heir, Henry, needed to actually control France, which he did not adn could not accomplish before he died. His son was a child who inherited the claim as King of France, but there was no meaning to it once Joan had the Dauphin crowned at Rhiems and when, subsequently, the English were finally defeated later on.</ref> not returned to France he would never have fathered Louis of Orléans who was crowned Louis XII, King of France, in 1498.
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| Joan insisted upon the coronation of Charles VII at Rheims, which seemed not ridiculous but dangerous, Rheims was in Burgundy, held by the English allies under the Duke of Burgundy. çéans, Joan insisted upon the necessity that the coronation be held in Rheims, which was where Philip II, creator of modern France, was crowned, and was the site of the baptism of Clovis.
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| From Fr. Séguin's testimony:<blockquote>I saw Jeanne for the first time at Poitiers. The King’s Council was assembled in the house of the Lady La Macée, the Archbishop of Rheims, then Chancellor of France, being of their number. I was summoned, as also were [list of names] ... The Members of the Council told us that we were summoned, in the King’s name, to question Jeanne and to give our opinion upon her. We were sent to question her at the house of Maître Jean Rabateau, where she was lodging. We repaired thither and interrogated her.
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| And then she foretold to us—to me and to all the others who were with me—these four things which should happen, and which did afterwards come to pass: first, that the English would be destroyed, the siege of Orleans raised, and the town delivered from the English; secondly, that the King would be crowned at Rheims; thirdly, that Paris would be restored to his dominion; and fourthly, that the Duke d’Orléans should be brought back from England. And I who speak, I have in truth seen these four things accomplished.</blockquote>
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| === Seeing through duplicity or providential foresight? ===
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| After the coronation, the Duke of Burgundy made overtures to the newly crowned Charles VII, who preferred the adulation of villages along his march towards Paris to actually entering Paris. A temporary peace was agreed upon, and under hopes that the Duke of Burgundy would join the French against the English. The Duke had no such intention, but took advantage of the lull to reinforce his position with the English who reinforced Paris.
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| Under Joan's insistence, the Duke of Alençon organized an attack upon Paris on September 8, the Feast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. After an all-day assault that induced both panic and expectant enthusiasm within the city, as sundown fell and by the walls, Joan was struck in the thigh by a crossbow bolt. She called for a continued assault, but the nightfall and shock at her injury dissuaded her troops, who carried her out of a ditch back to the French camp.<ref>See [https://ia800200.us.archive.org/6/items/joanofarc00moon/joanofarc00moon.pdf Joan of Arc] for more details of Joan's attack and injury.</ref> The next day the King ordered a halt to the attacks and on the 13th a retreat back to the Loire, which meant back to Orléans.
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| Before leaving St. Denis, where Charles VII had resided during this time, Joan presented a complete set of white armor and a seized sword to the altar at the church of St. Denis, a traditional act of thanks giving by a wounded soldier.<ref>See [https://ia800200.us.archive.org/6/items/joanofarc00moon/joanofarc00moon.pdf Joan of Arc] p. 49</ref> After the King left St. Denis, the English took the armor and likely destroyed it.
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| From here, the usual story is the the King abandoned Joan, while allowing her limited, unsupported military campaigns, which is true. We know that the King and his court, which never really trusted Joan, was hoping for a settlement with the Duke of Burgundy. For her part, Joan "feared nothing but treason."<ref>See Joan: Her Story p. 78</ref>
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| But there's a bit more to it. The King was not wrong to seek a settlement, and with lingering baggage from the Armagnac-Burgundy dispute, which included the assassination of the Duke of Burgundy's father in 1419 during a tense meeting with Charles himself.<ref>The tension followed the 1407 assassination of Charles' uncle, the Duke of Orléans (and brother of Charles VI and whose heir was captured by the English in 1415 at Agincourt)</ref> The assassination launched the civil war and opened the door for the English, who were already on the move in northern France, to sign the Treaty of Troyes<ref>Making Henry V of England heir to the French throne.</ref> with Charles's weak and insane father, Charles VI. But the history weighed upon the new King. On August 16, 14>> the new King's representatives appealed to the Duke of Burgundy, "the grand duke of the west," they implored, with "greater offers of reparation than the royal majesty actually possessed."<ref>https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/74/mode/1up?q=220&view=theaterd p. 74</ref> King Charles VII thereby ceded authority over the war to his enemy.
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| Joan, meanwhile, had told the Duke of Burgundy off:
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| <blockquote>Jhesus † Mary
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| Great and formidable Prince, Duke of Burgundy, Jeanne the Virgin requests of you, in the name of the King of Heaven, my rightful and sovereign Lord, that the King of France and yourself should make a good firm lasting peace. Fully pardon each other willingly, as faithful Christians should do; and if it should please you to make war, then go against the Saracens. Prince of Burgundy, I pray, beg, and request as humbly as I can that you wage war no longer in the holy kingdom of France, and order your people who are in any towns and fortresses of the holy kingdom to withdraw promptly and without delay. And as for the noble King of France, he is ready to make peace with you, saving his honor; if you’re not opposed. And I tell you, in the name of the King of Heaven, my rightful and sovereign Lord, for your well-being and your honor and [which I affirm] upon your lives, that you will never win a battle against the loyal French, and that all those who have been waging war in the holy kingdom of France have been fighting against King Jesus, King of Heaven and of all the world, my rightful and sovereign Lord. And I beg and request of you with clasped hands to not fight any battles nor wage war against us – neither yourself, your troops nor subjects; and know beyond a doubt that despite whatever number [duplicated phrase] of soldiers you bring against us they will never win. And there will be tremendous heartbreak from the great clash and from
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| the blood that will be spilled of those who come against us. And it has been three weeks since I had written to you and sent proper letters via a herald [saying] that you should be at the anointing of the King, which this day, Sunday, the seventeenth day of this current month of July, is taking place in the city of Rheims – to which I have not received any reply. Nor have I ever heard any word from this herald since then.
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| I commend you to God and may He watch over you if it pleases Him, and I pray God that He shall establish a good peace.
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| Written in the aforementioned place of Rheims on the aforesaid seventeenth day of July.</blockquote>
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| Charles VII was not entirely deceived. But he was duplicitous with Joan. He feted her, brought her from castle to castle, but ignored her pleas to carry on the war. Her opportunity came when the need arose to put down Burgundian resistance<ref>Either lands of or invaded by a Burgundian mercenary named Perrinet Gressard.</ref> within the Loire region itself, at a town called Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. Sent by the Court, Joan took the fortified town (protected by a moat) on Nov 4, 1429, but only after insisting upon a second assault and standing at foot of the walls inspiring or, perhaps berating, her troops forward. Afterwards, Charles enobled here and her family, both men and women.
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| The Council ordered to to attack another town in the region, La Charité, also fortified, but denied her additional artillery or funds. So Joan was forced to raise her own army for the attack, which was unsuccessful, her first defeat after Paris. The defeat gave the royal Council further excuse to ignore her and to adhere to the supposed truce with the Duke of Burgundy. Joan's next action was to move north to defend areas that Burgundy had attacked, despite the truce. That Joan knew it was going on means the Court knew it, but the Court deliberately ignored it under the guise of the truce. Whether or not Joan acted with the royal Council's authority, over which historians have argued uselessly, doesn't matter: they knew, she knew, they all knew the Duke of Burgundy was in violation of the truce. That Joan acted on her own authority or the Kings doesn't matter. What matters is that she went to defend Compiègne, which was under Burgundian and English attack, and in doing so
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| >> the po;int here is that Joan carried on the battles bc she knew that Burdundy was a liar. Chas was hoping it'd work out, but Burg was fortifying his position w/ the English all along. Joan's attacks back in the north forced the situation, flushing Burgundy into revealing himself.
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| At Compiegne, she was captured, but, as always, standing fast while her army ran away, only this time there was no rallying the troops, as they had gone into the city and the gate was closed on her and surrounded her
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| >>here
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| What we will see is that after the English are finally defeated,
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| > Joan continues her fight until she is captured
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| >> voices tell her she will be imprisoned
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| > not long after her death, Burgundy signs a treaty w/ Charles VII
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| > Henry VI crowned in P:aris in Dec 1831, after Joan exceuted May 30
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| > Burgundy abandons the English and signs Treaty of Arras on 20 Sept 1435, ending the 100 years war
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| == Why Joan only now? ==
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| Jeanne d'Arc was canonized in 1905. It's not unusual for such a long delay in beatification, but there are reasons for it with Saint Joan. So why so long for her?
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| Once her work was done, she was easily forgotten, beginning with the Siege of Orleans and the coronation of Charles VII, upon which the French court did its best to ignore her. Given the opportunity to ransom her upon her capture, the King refused and, well, washed his hands of her. Once they had consolidated rule over France, the kings had every reason -- well, aside from honesty -- not to attribute the legitimacy of their rule to a peasant girl.
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| >
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| A rather interesting document is found from a publication, "The Rationalist" from 1913, The Story of Joan of Arc: the Witch Saint,"<ref>[https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/45479/pg45479-images.html The Story of Joan Of Arc the Witch--saint, by M. M. Mangasarian]</ref> which seems to have been in response to Pius X's beatification of Joan (final step towards canonization). The author contends that "modern thought" has led to her vindication and not the Catholic Church, which is just using her shrine and stories of miracle cures before it as a "new income." The author says his essay will save Catholicism from itself.
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| === French Revolution ===
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| > anticlerical
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| >
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| === Franco-Prussian War ===
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| == Historical sources ==
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| The history of Joan of Arc is comparatively well-documented, even for the 1400s, a period that yields plenty of artifacts and primary sources. The facts of her life a clear and incontestable. In her day, she was the subject of various documented inquiries, an extended court trial, and subsequent inquiries that document witnesses and assessed evidence. We even know much about her mystical experiences -- or whatever they were, as she told the record about them.
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| === The Trials of Jeanne d'Arc ===
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| > see [https://www.jeanne-darc.info/trials-index/ Trials - Overview | Joan of Arc | Jeanne-darc.info]
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| == Popular accounts of the life of Joan of Arc ==
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| === "The Life of Joan of Arc" by Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel ===
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| * a children's book first published in 1895
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| * See entry [[Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)/The Life of Joan of Arc by Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel|here for more on Boutet de Monvel]] and his American sponsor for his Joan of Arch series of paintings
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| === '''"Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc" by Mark Twain''' ===
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| * Twain's masterful historical-fiction biography of Saint Joan, published in 1896
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| * See entry [[Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)/Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by Mark Twain|here for more on Twain's work on St. Joan]]
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| *
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| === Others ===
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| "Saint Joan" by George Bernard Shaw
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| Not much to say about this one. Shaw was early in adulthood an atheist and seems to have wanted into Deism and perhaps belief if not in Christ but in Jesus. The play is considered one of Shaw's greatest works, and it has been repeated on stage through the 2000s and in film. Shaw wrote it after Joan's canonization, thus the title. But he wasn't celebrating it. He tries to humanize Saint Joan, whom he said was romanticized while her accusers were villainized. For Shaw, Joan's tormenters were motivated by the facts and situations before them; you know, it's just a matter of perspective. I can only say that to frame Bishop Cauchon as honestly motivated is akin to Andrew Lloyd Weber's sympathetic portrayal of Judas in ''Jesus Christ Superstar''. Both did wrong, knew it, and did it anyway. And, worse, Shaw portrays Joan as Weber does Jesus, as an anti-establishment pop star. For Shaw, Joan is a rebel against authority, like his female ''ubermensch'' in ''Man and Superman''. Meh.
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| == See also ==
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| Here for [[:Category:Saint Joan of Arc|list of pages on this site related to Saint Joan of Arc]]
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| == Painting series "Jeanne D'Arc" (1895) by Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel ==
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| In 1896, Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel illustrated a children's book of the life of Joan of Arc.<ref>Scan of English version (abbreviated from the original French publication) available here: [https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000bout Joan of Arc : Boutet de Monvel, Louis Maurice, 1850-1913] (Archive.org)
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| Here for page images of the original: [https://www.jeanne-darc.info/art-image/louis-maurice-boutet-de-monvel/ Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel]</ref> Through the early 1900s, he expanded several of the images into full paintings, a collection of which are held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, called "La Vie de Jeanne d'Arc":
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| <div style="border:1px solid Silver; background-color:#FFF0F5; padding: 10px;">
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| <gallery widths="300">
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| File:La vision et l'inspiration de Louis-Maurice Boutet de Montvel.jpg|<small>'''''La Vision''''' (Vision of the Archangel St. Michael)</small>
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| File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, Her Appeal to the Dauphin (Joan of Arc series - II), 1906, NGA 178348.jpg|<small>'''''Appeal to the Dauphin''''' (The Dauphin had someone else sit on the throne and hid amidst the Court; Joan identified him immediately)</small>
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| File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Maid in Armor on Horseback (Joan of Arc series - III), c. 1908-late 1909, NGA 195105.jpg|<small>'''''The Maid in Armor on Horseback''''' (Now Commander of the French Armies, Joan marches the army to free Orleans from the English siege)</small>
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| File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Turmoil of Conflict (Joan of Arc series - IV), c. late 1909-early 1913, NGA 176974.jpg|<small>'''''The Turmoil of Conflict''''' (The Battle of Orleans, which is nearly lost after Joan is hit in the shoulder and neck by a bolt, but she returns to the field and leads the French to victory)</small>
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| File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Crowning at Rheims of the Dauphin (Joan of Arc series - V), 1907, NGA 177912.jpg|<small>'''''The Crowning at Rheims of the Dauphin''''' (Joan's mission was to have the Dauphin properly crowned King by French custom and in the form of Charlemagne; the leadership thought it was unnecessary, but Joan understood that the people of France needed the ceremony at the traditional place for it at the Cathedral at Rheims)</small>
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| File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial of Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc series - VI), c. late 1909-early 1910, NGA 195567.jpg|<small>'''''The Trial of Joan of Arc''''' (The King and his councilors betray Joan, leaving her to fight with a small army; she is captured by the French ally of the English. The French King refuses to pay a ransom for her, and she is tried in a French ecclesiastic court under English authority)</small>
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| Here for more on [[Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne la Pucelle)/The Life of Joan of Arc by Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel|Boutet de Monvel]] and his works.
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| <br>
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| ----<u>References</u><references />
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| *
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| [[Category:Saints]]
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| [[Category:Saint Joan of Arc]]
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