Heresy: Difference between revisions
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*** because, either way, the bread and wine are only material and not divine | *** because, either way, the bread and wine are only material and not divine | ||
== | == Types of heresies and heretical beliefs == | ||
=== | === Examples of heretical views of Christ and the Trinity === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Movement | |||
!Christ as God alone | |||
!Christ as Man alone | |||
!Christ as other | |||
|- | |||
|Adoptionism | |||
| | |||
|Y | |||
|adopted by God | |||
|- | |||
|Doscetics | |||
|Y | |||
|N | |||
|Christ existed in spirit only | |||
|- | |||
|Gnosticism | |||
|Y | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Islam | |||
| | |||
|Y | |||
|prophet | |||
|} | |||
=== General categories of movements === | |||
* i.e., not a specific movement, but a type of heresy or belief that heretical movements adhered to or shared beliefs in | |||
==== asceticism ==== | ==== asceticism ==== | ||
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* believed that Christ was not mortal, did not actually die on the Cross | * believed that Christ was not mortal, did not actually die on the Cross | ||
* believed that Christ's physical presence was illusionary | |||
==== Gnosticism ==== | ==== dualism ==== | ||
* belief in opposing forces or gods, generally good v. evil | |||
** sometimes, as in Gnosticism, spiritual v. material | |||
==== gnosticism ==== | |||
* denied the humanity of Christ | * denied the humanity of Christ | ||
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* believed in a "secret wisdom" that was revealed only to followers | * believed in a "secret wisdom" that was revealed only to followers | ||
* came of Greek traditional religion mixed with Christianity | * came of Greek traditional religion mixed with Christianity | ||
==== modalism ==== | ==== modalism ==== | ||
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==== Monarchianism ==== | ==== Monarchianism ==== | ||
* = the general umbrella for Docestism and modalism | |||
* denies the Trinity | * denies the Trinity | ||
* claims that God is one person only | * claims that God is one person only | ||
* strict monotheism | * strict monotheism | ||
==== rigorism ==== | ==== rigorism ==== | ||
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* [[wikipedia:List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church|List of heresies in the Catholic Church - Wikipedia]] | * [[wikipedia:List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church|List of heresies in the Catholic Church - Wikipedia]] | ||
=== Heretical | === Heretical and Schismatic Movements from the Catholic perspective === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Movement | !Movement | ||
!Century | !Century | ||
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!Category 2 | !Category 2 | ||
!Heresy | !Heresy | ||
!Heterodoxy | !Heterodoxy | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|New Covenant | |New Covenant | ||
|Jewish Law | |Jewish Law | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|reconciliation impossible | |reconciliation impossible | ||
|Purity of sacramental office | |Purity of sacramental office | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Origenism | |Origenism | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|denied original sin | |denied original sin | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Marcionism | |Marcionism | ||
|2nd | |||
|Christ only divine, denies the Trinity | |||
|gnosticism | |||
|dualism | |||
|rejected the Old Testament | |||
| | | | ||
|Christ | * Marcion believed in Christ as the "benevolent God" and YAHWEY of the Old Testament as evil | ||
* believed that Paul was the only true Apostle, and he rejected the Old Testament and accepted only the Gospel of Luke and the Letters of Paul | |||
* Marcionism differs from Gnosticism in that Marcion did not adhere to the doctrine of "secret wisdom," basing his beliefs on the Letters of Paul. | |||
|- | |||
|Adoptionism | |||
|2nd | |||
|Christ the man was "adopted" by God | |||
|gnosticism | |gnosticism | ||
| | | | ||
|rejected the | |rejected the Trinity | ||
| | |Various forms, but primarily believed the Jesus the man was not God but that God adopted Jesus at his birth and his spirit was returned to God at the Resurrection and Ascension | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Montanism | |Montanism | ||
|2nd | |2nd | ||
| | |Prophesy | ||
|prophetic | |prophetic | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |"New Prophesy" movement adhered to Christian orthodoxy but focused on prophesy and revelations from the Holy Spirit | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Novationism | |Novationism | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
* Novatian believed that no sinner should be allowed into a church; forbade remarriage | |||
* denied return of ''Lapsi'' (apostates) after the Decian persecution; his followers called themselves the "Church of the Pure" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Arianism | |Arianism | ||
|3rd | |3rd | ||
|Denied divinity of Christ | |Denied divinity of Christ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|rejected the Trinity | |rejected the Trinity | ||
|denied Mary as Mother of God; taught the "prosopic union" of Christ as divine and human as separate entities | |denied Mary as Mother of God; taught the "prosopic union" of Christ as divine and human as separate entities | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|prophetic | |prophetic | ||
|docetism | |docetism | ||
| | | | ||
|Denial of divinity of Christ | |Denial of divinity of Christ | ||
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|Eastern Ortohdox | |Eastern Ortohdox | ||
|9th | |9th | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Manichaean | |Manichaean | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Paulicians | |Paulicians | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|cultish worship of the Holy Spirit | |cultish worship of the Holy Spirit | ||
|milleniarian | |milleniarian | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|followers of Joachim of Fiore who taught end-of-times millenarism that was to start in 1260 | |followers of Joachim of Fiore who taught end-of-times millenarism that was to start in 1260 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|Lollards | |Lollards | ||
|15th | |15th | ||
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|Protestantism | |Protestantism | ||
|16th | |16th | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|asceticism | |asceticism | ||
|prophetic | |prophetic | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|Jehovah's Witness | |Jehovah's Witness | ||
|19th | |19th | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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|Modernism | |Modernism | ||
|19th | |19th | ||
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|Atheism | |Atheism | ||
|20th | |20th | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Apostolic age == | == Apostolic age == | ||
=== Judaizers === | === Judaizers === | ||
* held that to be a Christian one must first become a Jew and adhere to | * held that to be a Christian one must first become a Jew and adhere to traditional Jewish (Mosaic) law | ||
** such as circumcision, diet, etc. | |||
* | * Through Divine intervention, St. Peter declared all food "clean" | ||
* St. Paul argued that Christ had fulfilled the Old Testament, thereby superseding the Law | |||
** while not negating it entirely, esp. Ten Commandments | |||
== Early Church age == | == Early Church age == | ||
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== Medieval age == | == Medieval age == | ||
== Late Medieval & Enlightenment == | |||
== Modern age == | == Modern age == | ||
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* Pius IX and X warned of the dangers of modernism | * Pius IX and X warned of the dangers of modernism | ||
== Heretical religions == | |||
While not "heretical movements," these main, worldwide religions share beliefs with Catholicism but disagree in such ways as to be heretical to Catholic faith | |||
=== Islam === | |||
* rejects Christ as God | |||
=== Judaism === | |||
* reject Christ as Messiah and God | |||
=== Mormonism === | |||
* has non-Biblical beliefs such as "saints" (members of the Mormon church) as gods (polytheism) | |||
=== Protestantism === | |||
* especially in the early period of the protestant movement was seen as not merely schismatic but heretical | |||
* French protestants, for example, the Huguenots, were persecuted for heresy | |||
* various modern Protestant churches may reject core Catholic beliefs of | |||
** Sacraments of Confirmation, Priestly Ordination, and the Eucharist | |||
** the Real Presence of Christ at Mass, especially in the Eucharist | |||
** Saints | |||
** Church tradition |
Revision as of 23:28, 16 February 2024
Heresy = denial of the orthodox faith
Schism = deviation from orthodoxy without full denial of it
Orthodox = "the right way", what it is accepted, i.e. Catholic belief
This page includes list of Heresies and schisms
Definitions
orthodoxy
- "ortho" (true, straight, right ) + doxa (opinion, praise) = "right opinion
heterodoxy
- "hetero" (another, of the other) + dox = other opion
- note: the suffix -doxy comes from PIE root *dek- "to take, accept"
heterodoxy
- "heresy", which means "against accepted or established standards"
- heresy is from Greek hairesis for "taking for oneself"
Divinity of Christ
most but not all heresies come from misunderstandings or heterodoxic teachings about the nature of Christ
- as all man
- not divine, a prophet, not God
- or all God
- not man, thus only present in appearance not substance of a man
- implicates understanding of Mary
- Mother of God = gave birth to a man
- as a divine "vessel": = carried God not a man
- implicates belief in the Eucharist
- if Christ is all-man, or if Christ is all-God, then the Eucharist cannot be real
- because, either way, the bread and wine are only material and not divine
- if Christ is all-man, or if Christ is all-God, then the Eucharist cannot be real
Types of heresies and heretical beliefs
Examples of heretical views of Christ and the Trinity
Movement | Christ as God alone | Christ as Man alone | Christ as other |
---|---|---|---|
Adoptionism | Y | adopted by God | |
Doscetics | Y | N | Christ existed in spirit only |
Gnosticism | Y | ||
Islam | Y | prophet |
General categories of movements
- i.e., not a specific movement, but a type of heresy or belief that heretical movements adhered to or shared beliefs in
asceticism
- requires strict compliance with religious code
- adherence to self-mortification, including
- excessive fasting
- physical pain
- abstinence from pleasure, including
- alcohol
- sex
- material goods
- isolation or monasticism
- Asceticism may be practiced by orthodox believers, especially Saints
- but as a movement that requires strict adherence it becomes heretical
docetism
- believed that Christ was not mortal, did not actually die on the Cross
- believed that Christ's physical presence was illusionary
dualism
- belief in opposing forces or gods, generally good v. evil
- sometimes, as in Gnosticism, spiritual v. material
gnosticism
- denied the humanity of Christ
- loathed the material world, saw it as corrupt
- believed in a "secret wisdom" that was revealed only to followers
- came of Greek traditional religion mixed with Christianity
modalism
- belief in one God who has different "modes" but not different persons
- strict monotheism
Monarchianism
- = the general umbrella for Docestism and modalism
- denies the Trinity
- claims that God is one person only
- strict monotheism
rigorism
- extremely literal and/or strict adherence to dogma (beliefs, Scripture, etc.)
- does not allow for exceptions or circumstances
- ex. would consider all theft wrong without exception (such as dire need)
- may also ignore contradictory or qualifying dogma
- ex. sin v. forgiveness
see
Heretical and Schismatic Movements from the Catholic perspective
Movement | Century | Belief | Category 1 | Category 2 | Heresy | Heterodoxy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Judaisers | 1st | Judaism required for Christians | New Covenant | Jewish Law | ||
Manachiasm | ||||||
Donatism | Confession of faith required | asceticism | reconciliation impossible | Purity of sacramental office | ||
Origenism | ||||||
Pelagianism | asceticism | denied original sin | ||||
Marcionism | 2nd | Christ only divine, denies the Trinity | gnosticism | dualism | rejected the Old Testament |
|
Adoptionism | 2nd | Christ the man was "adopted" by God | gnosticism | rejected the Trinity | Various forms, but primarily believed the Jesus the man was not God but that God adopted Jesus at his birth and his spirit was returned to God at the Resurrection and Ascension | |
Montanism | 2nd | Prophesy | prophetic | "New Prophesy" movement adhered to Christian orthodoxy but focused on prophesy and revelations from the Holy Spirit | ||
Novationism | 3rd | rigorism | asceticism |
| ||
Arianism | 3rd | Denied divinity of Christ | ||||
Nestorianism | 5th | Christ human only | rejected the Trinity | denied Mary as Mother of God; taught the "prosopic union" of Christ as divine and human as separate entities | ||
Islam | 8th | strict monotheism | prophetic | docetism | Denial of divinity of Christ | |
Eastern Ortohdox | 9th | |||||
Manichaean | ||||||
Paulicians | ||||||
Joachimites | 13th | cultish worship of the Holy Spirit | milleniarian | followers of Joachim of Fiore who taught end-of-times millenarism that was to start in 1260 | ||
Lollards | 15th | |||||
Protestantism | 16th | |||||
Mormanism | 19th | asceticism | prophetic | |||
Jehovah's Witness | 19th | |||||
Modernism | 19th | |||||
Atheism | 20th |
Apostolic age
Judaizers
- held that to be a Christian one must first become a Jew and adhere to traditional Jewish (Mosaic) law
- such as circumcision, diet, etc.
- Through Divine intervention, St. Peter declared all food "clean"
- St. Paul argued that Christ had fulfilled the Old Testament, thereby superseding the Law
- while not negating it entirely, esp. Ten Commandments
Early Church age
Marcionism
- denied the Old Testament God
- held that Christ was divine only and only appeared as a Man, was not
Montanism
- or "New Prophesy"
- believed that God spoke to followers who were inspired by the Holy Spirit
- Montanus and his followers were known to "babble" while claiming to be filled with the Holy Spirit
- Montanus had two followers who also claimed gifts of prophesy, Prisca and Maximilla, two women who with Montanus claimed ecstatic visions
- they told followers to fast excessively in order to experience the same visions
- Montanus likely hung himself, as did Maximilla.
- afterwards, Prisca led the movement, which passed along to Quintilla, who claimed that Eve was heroic for having eaten of the Tree of Knowledge and followed the Hebrew prophetess Miriam (sister of Moses) as rationale for female priests
- the movement became a form of Gnosticism
Pelagianism
- Pelagius argued that when born humans are not subject to Original Sin
- and therefore had entire powers of a free will
- sin, therefore, was a choice and avoidable
- the movement fell into asceticism as way of proof of one's purity
Medieval age
Late Medieval & Enlightenment
Modern age
Modernism
- Pius IX and X warned of the dangers of modernism
Heretical religions
While not "heretical movements," these main, worldwide religions share beliefs with Catholicism but disagree in such ways as to be heretical to Catholic faith
Islam
- rejects Christ as God
Judaism
- reject Christ as Messiah and God
Mormonism
- has non-Biblical beliefs such as "saints" (members of the Mormon church) as gods (polytheism)
Protestantism
- especially in the early period of the protestant movement was seen as not merely schismatic but heretical
- French protestants, for example, the Huguenots, were persecuted for heresy
- various modern Protestant churches may reject core Catholic beliefs of
- Sacraments of Confirmation, Priestly Ordination, and the Eucharist
- the Real Presence of Christ at Mass, especially in the Eucharist
- Saints
- Church tradition